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independent scientist
An independent scientist (historically also known as gentleman scientist) is a financially independent scientist who pursues scientific study without direct affiliation to a public institution such as a university or government-run research and development body. The expression "gentleman scientist" arose in post-Renaissance Europe〔J. C. Segen (1992). ''(Dictionary of Modern Medicine )''. p. 246. ISBN 1-85070-321-3〕 but became less common in the 20th century as government and private funding increased.
Most independent scientists have at some point in their career been affiliated with some academic institution, such as Charles Darwin who was affiliated with the Geological Society of London.
==History==
Self-funded scientists practiced more commonly from the Renaissance until the late 19th century, including the Victorian era, especially in England, before large-scale government and corporate funding was available. Many early fellows of the Royal Society in London were independent scientists.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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